Medically Reviewed By Sonam Kothari, Written By Tejasvi Parekh
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability (ID) are two different developmental conditions. There are, of course, numerous disorders that overlap both autism and intellectual disability.
The relationship between autism and intellectual disability can indeed be quite very complex, but this article distills the knowledge in easy-to-understand language to assist in getting a hold of these conditions, similarities between them, and the differences.
ASD is a developmental disorder that gravely affects an individual's mannerisms in communication as well as behaviour and interaction manners.
In so far as the term "spectrum" is used, it results from using it considering that signs of autism are extant either grave or very light with which a spectrum is used because of symptoms' variations in intensity. Some individuals need much assistance in everyday life, while others can live independently.
There are two main areas where people with autism often struggle:
Social Communication: This means that they may not be able to understand social cues, like facial expressions or body language. They may find it hard to start conversations or maintain them or simply don't care for social interaction.
Repetitive Behaviors and Narrow Interests: Individuals with autism may repeat certain behaviours or words, have highly particular interests, or become distressed if the routine is altered.
Moreover, ASD may involve hypersensitivity to sensory experiences. In other words, bright lights, noisy sounds, or touchy textures might be overwhelming for the individual with autism to some extent.
Intellectual Disability (ID), previously known as “mental retardation,” refers to a condition where a person has limitations in two key areas:
Intellectual Functioning: This encompasses thinking, problem-solving, and learning. Individuals with ID cannot easily learn concepts or acquire novel behaviours.
Adaptive Functioning: This includes ability in daily life skills: dress, communicate, and manage money. Such abilities enable people to live independently and interact with other persons in their community.
The diagnosis of intellectual disability comes before the age of 18 and is often found through clinical assessment and an IQ test. An IQ score near or below 70 is often considered part of an intellectual disability diagnosis, but what matters is how well the person can function in everyday life.
Even though autism and intellectual disability are both developmental conditions, they are not the same. Autism affects social skills, communication, and behaviour, while intellectual disability affects overall thinking and daily living skills.
For example, a child with autism might have trouble making friends and understanding social rules, but they could excel in subjects like math or music. On the other hand, a child with intellectual disability may struggle with learning basic skills, like counting or tying their shoes, and may need help with these tasks throughout their life.
Yes, it is possible to have both autism and intellectual disability at the same time. Studies show that about 30% of children with autism also have an intellectual disability. When both conditions are present, it can make life more challenging for the person affected and their family.
For example, a child with both autism and intellectual disability might have trouble with social interactions (because of autism) and also struggle with basic learning and life skills (because of intellectual disability). This combination can make it harder for them to communicate, learn, and live independently.
Diagnosing both autism and intellectual disability can be tricky for doctors. The two conditions can look similar, and some of their symptoms overlap. For instance, both autism and intellectual disability can cause problems with communication.
It may be hard to tell if a child is not speaking because they have autism or because they have an intellectual disability. This is why doctors often use multiple tests and observations to make a diagnosis.
Another challenge is that some children with autism might score lower on IQ tests, but this may not be due to an intellectual disability. A child with autism might not perform well on an IQ test because of their difficulty with language, communication, or focus, not necessarily because they have trouble learning. In other words, their autism symptoms can sometimes affect how well they do on tests.
Diagnosing autism and intellectual disability early is very important. When parents notice that their child is not meeting milestones, such as talking, making eye contact, or playing with others, they should talk to a doctor as soon as possible.
Early diagnosis can lead to early intervention, which means getting the right support and services that can help the child grow and develop in the best way possible.
For example, children with autism may benefit from therapies that focus on improving communication and social skills. If intellectual disability is also present, the child may need additional support to learn life skills, like dressing, feeding, and managing daily routines. Early intervention can make a big difference in the child’s quality of life and future independence.
Having autism or an intellectual disability can impact many areas of life, and when both conditions are present, the challenges can increase. Some of the areas that may be affected include:
Communication: Children with autism may have trouble expressing their thoughts, emotions, or needs, especially if they also have an intellectual disability. Some children may not speak at all, while others may struggle to understand body language or social rules.
Learning: Intellectual disability can make it hard for a person to learn new things or apply what they’ve learned. This means they may need more repetition and extra help to understand concepts or complete tasks.
Behaviour: People with autism may have repetitive behaviours, like flapping their hands or repeating certain phrases. They may also get upset when their routine changes. Intellectual disability can add to these challenges, making it hard for the person to control their emotions or reactions.
Independence: Both autism and intellectual disability can affect how well a person can take care of themselves. Tasks like getting dressed, managing money, or even cooking meals may be difficult, and they might need ongoing support to live independently.
Raising a child with both autism and intellectual disability can be challenging, but there are many ways that parents and caregivers can help. One of the most important things is to get support early on. This might include speech therapy, occupational therapy, or special education services. These therapies can help the child improve communication, social, and life skills.
Parents and caregivers can also create a structured and predictable routine at home. Many children with autism thrive in environments where they know what to expect. For example, having the same schedule for meals, bedtime, and school can help reduce stress and anxiety.
It’s also helpful for parents and caregivers to focus on their child’s strengths. Every child, whether they have autism, intellectual disability, or both, has unique talents and abilities. Encouraging their interests and celebrating their accomplishments can help build their confidence and self-esteem.
Families of children with both autism and intellectual disability often face unique challenges. The additional support that these children need can be overwhelming, especially when it comes to finding the right educational programs, therapies, or healthcare services. It can also be financially demanding, as specialized care and support may be expensive.
Many parents experience stress, especially when their child has severe communication or behavioural difficulties. However, seeking out community resources, support groups, and respite care can provide relief. It’s also important for caregivers to take care of their well-being, as this can help them better support their child.
People with autism and intellectual disability deserve to live fulfilling and meaningful lives. Society can play a big role in making this possible by promoting inclusion, accessibility, and understanding.
Here are some ways we can support individuals with both autism and intellectual disability:
Education: Schools can offer special education programs that are tailored to the needs of children with both conditions. These programs should focus on teaching communication, life skills, and academics in a way that the child can understand.
Employment: Adults with autism and intellectual disability should have the opportunity to work in environments that suit their skills and abilities. Employers can offer job training and create supportive workplaces.
Community Support: Public spaces, like parks, malls, and libraries, should be accessible to people with different abilities. This includes providing sensory-friendly spaces and training staff to understand how to interact with people who may communicate or behave differently.
Awareness: By educating others about autism and intellectual disability, we can reduce stigma and help create a more inclusive world where everyone feels accepted and valued.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability (ID) are distinct but sometimes overlapping conditions. While autism affects communication and behaviour, intellectual disability impacts learning and daily life skills. When a person has both, they face unique challenges, but with the right support, they can lead fulfilling lives.
Early diagnosis, tailored therapies, and family support are key to helping individuals with both autism and intellectual disability thrive. As a society, we must promote inclusion and understanding to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their abilities, have the opportunity to reach their full potential.
By learning more about these conditions and supporting those affected, we can make a positive difference in their lives and create a more inclusive and compassionate world.
